Fiscal And Monetary Policy

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1.Why might a government impose taxes on certain goods or services?

To reduce the use of goods that generate beneficial external effectsTo limit the consumption of goods provided by the public sectorTo decrease the usage of goods that are considered socially desirableTo lower the consumption of goods causing harmful external impacts

2.Which statement accurately describes a regressive tax system?

The total tax paid rises as income grows.The tax rate on additional income decreases as earnings go up.The average tax rate declines when income increases.The average tax rate remains unchanged regardless of income level.

3.What is the automatic effect on the government's budget balance when the economy experiences growth?

DeteriorateGet betterRemain unchangedRise along with inflation

4.If the marginal tax rate is 40% and an individual's income rises from Rs 10,000 to Rs 12,000, what will be the total tax amount paid?

The tax paid will go up by Rs 4,800The tax paid will increase by Rs 4,000The tax paid will rise by Rs 800The overall tax paid will be Rs 4,800The total tax paid will be Rs 4,000

5.Which of the following actions aligns with a reflationary (expansionary) fiscal policy?

Reducing interest ratesBoosting bank lending activitiesRaising corporate tax ratesIncreasing government discretionary expenditures

6.What does over-funding mean in the context of the State Bank of Pakistan's actions?

Issues fewer government bonds than needed to cover the Public Sector Borrowing Requirement (PSBR)Issues more government bonds than necessary to meet the Public Sector Borrowing Requirement (PSBR)Conducts sales of government securities in the open marketPurchases government securities from the open market

7.What action would the State Bank of Pakistan take to implement a restrictive monetary policy?

Decrease the required reserve ratio for banks.Purchase government bonds in the open market.Cut down the prevailing interest rates.Sell government bonds through open market operations.Increase the money supply by lowering reserve requirements.

8.What does Goodhart’s Law imply?

Inferior currency tends to replace superior currency.Monetary policy is effective only when applied over an extended period.Regulating one component of the money supply simply causes that component to lose significance.The money supply should increase only in line with the growth of real national income.

9.What happens to the money multiplier when the required reserve ratio is lowered?

It might go up or downIt declinesIt risesIt stays unchanged if banks do not keep excess reserves

10.What does the parable of Riding a Switchback imply about the timing of stabilization policies?

They fail to adequately boost or slow down the economy when needed.They work as intended.They tend to stimulate or restrain the economy at inappropriate moments.They are beneficial and recommended.

11.How does the implementation delay of monetary policy typically compare to that of fiscal policy?

It is equal in duration to fiscal policy delays.It is significantly shorter than the delay for fiscal policy.It is considerably longer than the delay for fiscal policy.It has no connection to actions taken by the central bank.It varies independently without any consistent pattern.

12.What is the usual effect on GDP when the budget deficit starts to decline?

13.During an economic expansion, automatic stabilizers function to government spending and government income.

14.What are net taxes defined as?

Taxes collected from businesses and individuals by the government after deducting the expenses involved in tax collectionTaxes paid by businesses and individuals to the government minus the transfer payments given back to themThe sum of taxes paid by businesses and individuals plus the transfer payments received by themThe difference between government spending and government incomeNone of the above

15.What is the expected impact on the government's budget balance as the economy experiences growth?

The government's fiscal balance is likely to improve automaticallyThe government's fiscal balance is likely to deteriorate automaticallyThere will be no change in the government's fiscal balanceGovernment tax revenues will decreaseGovernment expenditures will remain unchanged

16.What does the Public Sector Net Cash Requirement (PSNCR) represent?

An indicator of the nation's trade balanceAn indicator of the government's fiscal statusAn indicator of the country's overall debt levelAn indicator of the government's monetary policy

17.What does the marginal tax rate represent?

The overall tax amount divided by the total earningsTotal earnings divided by the overall tax amountThe variation in tax paid divided by the variation in incomeThe variation in income divided by the variation in tax paid

18.If income up to Rs 1,000 is exempt from tax and any income above that is taxed at 5%, what is the average tax rate for an income of Rs 20,000?

19.When does fiscal drag take place?

When tax brackets remain unchanged despite inflationWhen tax rates decrease as inflation risesWhen the government reduces its expenditures to lower overall demandWhen tax bands rise in line with inflation

20.What do economists refer to when they talk about managing the monetary base?

Requiring banks to hold a fixed percentage of their assets as M0Regulating the money multiplier effectLimiting the total cash available in the economyProhibiting commercial banks from issuing currency notes and coins