Which of the following does NOT contribute to people’s overly optimistic beliefs about their likelihood of developing an illness or other health issues?

Explanation

Options B, C, D, and E reflect common reasons why individuals tend to underestimate their risk of health problems, such as believing in personal control, assuming future immunity if unaffected so far, relying solely on parental health as a predictor, or thinking the condition is uncommon. However, option A—having no personal experience with the illness—does not typically lead to unrealistic optimism about health risks.