According to prominent dependency theorist Andre Gunder Frank, which of the following economic processes have played a role in causing underdevelopment?

Explanation

The processes are: I - Migration of workers from rural areas to foreign-controlled urban centers; II - Creation of an unskilled workforce employed in factories, mines, and plantations; III - Replacement of local businesses by technologically superior multinational subsidiaries; IV - Restricting trade and investment with developed nations. Frank argues that only II and III contribute directly to underdevelopment.