At which phase angle between voltage and current does a circuit element consume the minimum amount of power?

Explanation

Power consumption in an AC circuit is given by P = VI cos(ϕ), where ϕ is the phase difference between voltage and current. When the phase angle is 90 degrees, cos(90°) = 0, resulting in zero real power consumption. Therefore, the power consumed is minimum when the current and voltage are out of phase by 90 degrees.