Given that Pakistan is largely arid and semiarid, desertification leads to agricultural losses, rising poverty, and also causes a major decline in which of the following?

Explanation

Desertification in arid and semiarid regions like Pakistan not only reduces agricultural productivity and increases poverty but also contributes to global warming, decreases the amount of carbon stored in soils, and causes significant biodiversity loss. Therefore, all these factors are impacted, making 'All of the above' the correct choice.