How did Marx characterize religion in his critique?

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a purposeful deception by ruling elitesa source of estrangement both individually and sociallya narcotic substanceall of the mentioned descriptions

Explanation

Marx viewed religion as a deliberate deception by the ruling classes, a cause of alienation on personal and societal levels, and metaphorically as an opiate that dulls the pain of oppression. Therefore, all these descriptions collectively represent his perspective.