In arid regions with minimal rainfall, large shifting sand dunes are often found close to human settlements. Which methods are used to afforest these moving dunes effectively?

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Stabilizing shifting sand dunes by installing barriers arranged in parallel lines or a grid pattern, utilizing native shrub materials from the dune crests to shield young plants from sand burial or erosion caused by wind.Implementing measures to prevent damage from living organisms.Both stabilizing dunes with barriers and protecting seedlings from biological interference.None of the above.Not applicable.

Explanation

Effective afforestation of shifting sand dunes involves two key strategies: first, stabilizing the dunes by placing barriers in parallel or checkerboard patterns using local shrubs to protect seedlings from wind-driven sand movement; second, safeguarding the young plants from biotic disturbances. Combining these approaches ensures better survival and establishment of vegetation on the dunes.