The Pap smear test identifies dysplasia, carcinoma in situ, and invasive carcinoma of the uterine cervix based on which fundamental principle?

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Tumor cells tend to stick togetherCancerous cells lack cohesionTumor cells exhibit hyperchromasia and pleomorphismAll of the above

Explanation

The Pap smear relies on the fact that malignant cells from the cervix are non-cohesive, allowing them to be shed and detected individually in the sample. This lack of cohesion is a key feature distinguishing neoplastic cells in cytological examinations.