What does the term 'secondary deviation' encompass?

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The penalties or social disapproval imposed on deviant behaviorThe process of identifying an action as deviant based on societal responseHow adopting a deviant identity influences subsequent behaviorAll of the above

Explanation

Secondary deviation includes A) the punishment or social stigma attached to deviant acts, B) the labeling of behavior as deviant through social reaction, and C) the impact of embracing a deviant role on future behavior. Therefore, all these aspects are part of secondary deviation.