What is a significant barrier to economic growth in the Middle East and North Africa?

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Extraction of minerals through surface mining methodsDependence on free-market economic modelsLimited integration with international trade networksInsufficient availability of freshwater supplies

Explanation

Among the factors listed, the shortage of water resources is a critical challenge hindering economic progress in the Middle East and North Africa. While other options may impact development, the scarcity of water has a direct and profound effect on agriculture, industry, and daily living conditions in the region.