What is the primary mechanism by which chemical tempering in porcelains prevents the spread of cracks?

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Enhancement through phase transformationDistribution of crystalline particlesCreation of residual compressive stressesCombination of all mentioned methods

Explanation

Chemical tempering strengthens porcelains mainly by generating residual compressive stresses on the surface, which hinders crack growth. While transformation toughening and crystalline phase dispersion can improve toughness, the key factor in chemical tempering is the induction of these compressive stresses.