Which method is characterized by the belief that all necessary information for interpreting a text exists solely within the text itself, without requiring external context such as historical background, political climate, social conditions, or details about the author's life?

Explanation

The Historical and Biographical Method (A) relies on external context such as the author's life and historical background. The Ethical or Philosophical Perspective (B) focuses on moral lessons. Psychological Analysis (D) examines characters' mental states. Formalism (C), however, asserts that the text itself contains all the information needed for interpretation, independent of outside knowledge.