Which option most accurately describes the literary theory called formalism?

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A method focusing on the use of literary techniques within a textA method that highlights the historical background surrounding a textA method concentrating on the author's personal life and intentionsA method that centers on examining racial themes in a text

Explanation

Formalism is a literary approach that concentrates on analyzing the literary devices and structural elements within a text itself, rather than external factors like history, biography, or social issues.