Why do central banks in Less Developed Countries (LDCs) typically exert a weaker influence on spending and economic output compared to those in more developed nations?

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Only factors I and II contributeOnly factors III and IV are responsibleFactors I, II, and III together explain thisAll factors I, II, III, and IV collectively cause thisNone of the above

Explanation

The limited impact of central banks in LDCs on expenditure and output is due to multiple reasons: (I) the banking system heavily relies on external sources, (II) the securities market is underdeveloped, (III) demand deposits make up a small portion of the total money supply, and (IV) investment and employment levels show low responsiveness to monetary policy changes. Therefore, all four factors together account for this phenomenon.