Why have women historically been excluded from participating fully in the public sphere?

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Because industrial capitalism created a divide between the middle-class household and the workplaceSince women entering paid jobs have often been restricted to specific sectorsDue to the challenge of thriving in male-dominated politics without sacrificing their femininityAll of the above reasons

Explanation

Women have been excluded from the public sphere for several interconnected reasons: the separation of the middle-class home and workplace caused by industrial capitalism, the confinement of women to certain job sectors when they enter paid employment, and the difficulties women face in male-dominated political arenas without compromising their gender identity. Therefore, all these factors contribute to their exclusion.