1.In the Watson and Rayner (1920) experiment, 'Little Albert' was conditioned to fear white rats by pairing the rat with a loud noise. Subsequently, Albert showed fear not only towards white rats but also white stuffed animals and Santa Claus's beard. This expanded fear response is best explained by:
2.Whenever Sam’s wife wears her black nightgown, which she always puts on when feeling romantic, Sam immediately feels sexually excited. In this scenario, what role does the nightgown play for Sam?
3.If a pigeon inside a Skinner box is pecking the disk rapidly and consistently, how would the graph representing its responses appear?
4.Which statement best describes the relationship between classical and operant conditioning?
5.Which type of reinforcement schedule best explains the consistent and quick responses of someone using a slot machine?
6.Studies on avoidance learning indicate that the fear reaction is developed via ________ conditioning, while the avoidance behavior is sustained through ________ conditioning.
7.What is the second step in implementing a self-modification program?
8.According to Skinner, reinforcement influences the learning of a behavior, whereas Bandura argues that reinforcement affects the _______ of that behavior.
9.What distinguishes classical conditioning from operant conditioning?
10.What form of learning takes place when a stimulus signals the arrival of another stimulus?
11.Which of the following best defines a punisher in behavioral psychology?
12.In operant conditioning, when do the events essential for learning take place in relation to the behavior being acquired?
13.By using the insight learning method, a person can gain multiple problem-solving techniques and as a result:
14.What best describes the core concept of learning by insight?
15.When do skills become integrated into a person's behavior?
16.In experiential learning, knowledge is primarily gained through which of the following?
17.Which of the following is not a recognized law of learning?
18.When learning by experience does not succeed, what can a person still achieve?
19.What does the term 'readiness' signify in the context of learning?
20.Which type of learning is unlikely to be long-lasting and effective?